An Overview Of Critical Legal Studies

An Overview Of Critical Legal Studies The given citation being referred to is by Robert Gordon, in Law Ideology as included in Lloyds Introduction to Jurisprudence by MDA Freeman where he has addressed basic legitimate examinations. For our motivations, my answer will give a short clarification of what the basic lawful examinations is about, at that point it will include how law keeps up disparity as per basic legitimate researchers, and what procedures are received because of the imbalances lastly how successful these methods are. Basic lawful investigations (hereinafter alluded to as the CLS) became out of a disappointment with current legitimate scholarship. [2] As Raymond Wacksâ [3]â put it the most significant element of CLS is its dismissal of what is taken to be the normal request of things, be sans it advertise or meta-stories, or the origination of race. Law dependent on reason is the thing that draw in the researchers of CLS the most. For the researchers of CLS it is to question the possibility of revealing an all inclusive establishment of law dependent on reason. The fantasy of determinacy is a huge component of the basic ambush on law. [4] To the researchers of CLS, law is a long way from being a determinate, reasonable collection of rules and regulation, the law is depicted as dubious, vague and unstable.â [5]â On the off chance that American lawful authenticity was jazz law, Critical Legal Studies might be its stone successor. [6] Ronald Dworkin found the CLS looking like the more established development of American authenticity, and for him it was too soon to choose whether the CLS is in excess of a behind the times endeavor to make the then dated development reflower. [7] Professor Hilaire McCourbey and Dr. Nigel D. Whiteâ [8]â finds a definitive objective for researchers of CLS is to demolish the thought that there is one single truth, and that by uncovering the all-unavoidable force structures and orders in the law and lawful framework, a huge number of different prospects will be uncovered which are for the most part similarly legitimate. LAW, ITS INEQUALITY AND OTHER ISSUES SURROUNDING LAW The researchers of CLS think that its upsetting how the law keep up disparities in the public eye. As per the researchers of CLS, lawful teaching is constrained and blemished. Lawful tenets can just offer a tight perspective on the world. Robert Gordon finds the legitimate convention to contain unique and devastated classifications. These rough, fake classifications e.g., found in criminal law, laws of agreement and family, which will outlined beneath, depend on complex human connections in spite of the fact that they not the slightest bit reflect or normally speak to with what is happening. As to criminal law, M Kelmenâ [9]â uses the case of a spouse who, having been battered by her significant other, murders the husband. At that point she argues the guard of incitement. Question emerges whether the appointed authority is to receive a restricted time frameâ [10]â or that of a wide oneâ [11]â . Nobody can say it without a doubt which law is to be applied here beyond a shadow of a doubt. There might be situation where the supposed wrongdoer is considered in a thin time span premise and another in an expansive one. This line of approach is making people fall into the logical inconsistency in law looked in criminal law. The law of agreement where the rule revered in the proverb admonition emptor a saying contrived to ensure entrepreneur enthusiasm against the interests of the frail purchaser remains contrary to the rule that it is the capacity of the state to mediate to secure the more vulnerable gathering against abuse is an away from of imbalance in law. [12] This sort of inconsistency in law has consistently placed the appointed authorities in disarray with regards to which guideline an adjudicator needs to follow in a given case. It is contended by the researchers of CLS that law is essentially political. For D. Kennedyâ [13]â there is no line among private and open law. It is a myth. [14] There is not all that much or nonpartisan about agreement law as much as authoritative law, property law as much as ecological law.â [15]â The law of co-home opens scope of choices to an appointed authority which makes it scarcely conceivable to go to a choice which at last causes clashing results from the courtrooms. Where a lady who looks to uphold a co-residence understanding against a male accomplice the inquiry that precedes the court is to pick between (1) precedent-based law rule that such understandings are not legitimately enforceable on account of the assumption that such understandings do not have the essential component of an aim to make lawful relations and (2) the rule, emerging from open strategy that it is the obligation of the courts to offer impact to the expectation of the gatherings. This has consistently placed appointed authorities in a troublesome situation as said before. For Peter Gabel,â [16]â one is never, or never, an individual; rather, one is progressively a spouse, a transport traveler, a little agent, a shopper, etc, in contemporary industrialist society. To Mark Kelman,â [17]â liberalism according to Crits is an arrangement of believed that is at the same time assailed by inner inconsistency and by efficient constraint of the nearness of these logical inconsistencies. Progressivism centers upon independence and personal responsibility at the expense of others. The researchers of CLS are against such thought. Such inclination is displayed in the laws creation and upkeep of division between people in general and private issues. Factories freedom is the ideal model. Plants freedom is the rule that an individual can be constrained where his activities hurt others, yet should be free where his activities influence himself. The courts consistently think that its hard to forestall persecution in the private domain in view of the legitimate divis ion between open issues, in which the state or its laws can mediate, and private issues, in which they can't. The Crits of CLS named this division as bogus and a negligible deception. Robert Gordon plainly makes reference to that for the Crits, law is naturally neither a decision class approach nor a storehouse of respectable with distorted standards. To Gordon, it is a plastic mode of talk that inconspicuously conditions how we experience social life.â [18]â Robert Gordon alludes to some essential focuses that the Critics need to make about lawful talk. He alludes to talks of intensity. Law can't be a toy for the ground-breaking to play with. Nonetheless, in all actuality to benefit lawful administrations or matters related to it one must have the option to employ legitimate talks with office and authority or to pay others, for example, legal counselors, officials, lobbyists, and so on., to use them for your sake is the thing that issues and that is what is takes to forces power in the public arena. Hence lawful talks will in general mirror the interests and the points of view of the influential individuals who utilize them. [19] This might be viewed as another case of how law keeps up disparity according to the researchers of CLS. In any case, regardless of whether really being utilized by the incredible or the feeble, lawful talks are immersed with other non-lawful talks that generally support and legitimize in inconspicuous manner s the current social request as characteristic fundamental and just.â [20]â It is a typical wonder to make laws to prod monetary rivalries and subsequently helping the exclusive class as they continued looking for influence and riches. Duncan Kennedyâ [21]â mentions that the essential focuses in Legal Education are the undesirable pecking orders at different levels like those current among speakers and the understudies they instruct; those between the employees and the regulatory help and he terms them all as bogus and pointless progression which gets into the brain of law understudies and hence makes a consistent chain of orders. Methods APPLIED TO LEGAL DISCOURSES Destroying or Debunking As McCourbey and White put it destroying is primarily planned for uncovering the ill-conceived orders that exist inside the law and society in general. [22] The researchers of CLS are basically occupied with uncovering those chains of command and sabotage them. In Marxism the pecking order of intensity exist as far as classes however he we have seen the chain of command to exist even in colleges where there is a force connection among instructor and student. [23] It is substantially more perplexing than the marxists view. [24] Trashing includes looking to address and challenge the standard liberal lawful system. Imprint Kelmans distrust towards standard or customary perspectives on law prompted protect destroying against standard scholarly pundits and expressed that the defaming of acknowledged legitimate contention is acceptable. The accompanying concentrate from Kelman clarifies the motivation behind destroying or debunking:â [25]â We are likewise occupied with a functioning, transformative anarcho-syndicalist political venture At the work environment level, exposing is one piece of an unequivocal exertion to level, to reintegrate the networks we live in along expressly libertarian lines as opposed to along the legitimized various leveled lines that as of now incorporate them. We are stating: Heres what your instructor did (at you, to you) in agreements or torts. Heres what it was extremely about. Deprived of the gobbledegook, heres a lot of issues we as a whole face, as equivalents in managing work, with governmental issues, and with the world.â [26]â The above citation uncovers the pressure of uncovering progressive systems at work place, explicitly it proceeds to make reference to inside the graduate school and explicitly between the instructors and understudies as talked about before. Kelman further notices that one principle target of destroying is to de-balancing out perspective on the hypothetical world that is caught in liberal legalism. Destroying causes us to see the basic complacencies and expected premises in liberal legalism as blemished and contradicts the conviction that the world is running easily. Robert Gordon, in his Law Ideology, expresses that destroying strategies are utilized in some cases basically to assault the talks on their own terms to demonstrate their premises to be opposing or incongruous and their decisions to be subjective or bas

Psychopathic behavior Essay

Mike Tyson, or Iron Mike, the world’s most youthful substantial weight boxing champion, has been engaged with a few issues with the law. A short gander at his life will show that it is conceivable that he is experiencing reserved character issue or psychopathy. Mike was conceived in Brooklyn, New York on June 30, 1966. He originated from a wrecked family as his left them when he was two years of age. At his more youthful years, before 12 years of age, he turned into a part a road group and was associated with various sessions with the law. At the age 12 he was captured for outfitted theft and was sent a restorative place for adolescents in New York. At 16 years old his mom kicked the bucket, and having no parent, he lived with his boxing coach D’ Amato, turned into his legitimate watchman. There were gossipy tidbits that he explicitly mishandled a multi year old young lady. At age 20, in 1986, he came the world’s most youthful WBC heavyweight champion. At age 21, he turned into the WBA overwhelming weight champion, and earned $20 million. Later he was hitched to entertainer Robin Givens, yet they thusly separated. In 1992, he was sentenced for assault and he went through 3 years in jail. In an official match, he bit off a chink of Evander Holyfield’s ear, which made him be expelled from boxing for a long while. In 1999, he was again sent to jail for ambush. In a 2002 question and answer session, he assaulted Lennox Lewis and bit his leg. In 2005, he was under water for $34 million, in spite of acquiring several millions all through his profession. In 2006, he was again caught for driving while affected by liquor. In view of these, it tends to be accepted that Mike Tyson is potentially experiencing standoffish character issue. The key indications of introverted character issue are; continued lawbreaking, which can be seen from his rehashed captures; misdirection or lying; impulsivity, peevishness and forcefulness, which can be seen from his ambush and assault charges; foolish negligence for own wellbeing and that of others, which can be seen when he was driving without a permit; recklessness as observed inconsistent business history or not meeting budgetary commitments, which can be seen is being paying off debtors for many dollars; absence of regret; lead issue, which can be viewed as he was at that point an individual from a pack direct turmoil before 15 yrs old enough. Absences of warmth, extreme parental dismissal, and absence of control from guardians, are viewed as the essential drivers of psychopathic conduct. In Mike’s case, he originated from a wrecked family. He had no dad since he was 2 years of age. He had no mother since he was 16 years of age. One may expect that mike never that the warmth from his folks. At the point when his dad left their family, Mike may have accepted it as being dismissed. Their family set-up gave no or little space to teach. Specialists have discovered that it is useless to attempt to modify the idea of mental cases (Davidson et al, 2004). An explanation behind this is maniacs simply cooperate with advisors, demonstrating the manipulative character of sociopaths. It is additionally accepted that it is far-fetched that insane people would need to be getting help. Late investigations anyway show that there can profits by psychosocial treatment for more youthful patients with the said issue (Davidson et al, 2004). In light of these, I accept treatment for Mike would be worthless. Taking into account that he is as of now 42 years of age, and that exploration have demonstrated that treatment for maniacs are frequently ineffective, and that psychosocial treatment would just profit more youthful patients, it is protected to expect that he will infer negligible, or no advantage at all from treatment. Anyway since, he is as of now 42 years of age, it can likewise be said that it would not be required since mental cases regularly settle down in middle age and after. In this phase in his life, standoffish conduct is accepted to be less clear (Davidson et al, 2004). Reference Davidson, G. C. , Neale, J. M. , and Kring, A. M. ( 2004) Abnormal Psychology. USA. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

The Role Of Financial Markets And Financial Institutions Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

What is financial market? In the economics, the financial market is a mechanism that allows the people to sell and buy the financial commodities, securities and other fungible items of value at a low transaction costs and at prices that reflect the efficient-market hypothesis. The financial markets can be divided into different subtypes, there are capital markets, stock markets, bond markets, commodity markets, money markets, derivatives markets, future markets, insurance markets and foreign exchange markets. Next, the capital markets consist of the primary markets and the secondary markets. The primary markets allow to buy or sold the newly formed securities. The secondary markets are allow the investors to sell their securities that they hold or buy the existing securities. In the financial market, the financial institution is an establishment that is focuses on dealing with the financial transactions, such as the loans, deposits and investments. The financial instituti ons are including the credit unions, banks, building societies, stock brokerages and management firms. The function of the financial institutions, such as the futures, commodity markets, currency, stock exchanges and options exchanges are very important for the economy. Those institutions are involved in the providing and creating ownership for the financial claims. Next, those institutions are also responsible for maintaining the liquidity in the market and also managing the price change risks. Besides that, those institutions are also provide the investment opportunity and help the businesses to generate the funds for various purposes. Third, the most important of the financial service provided by financial institutions are acting as financial intermediaries. The financial intermediation are consists of the channeling fund between surplus and deficit agents. The financial intermediary is a financial institution that connects the deficit and surplus agents. For an example of the financial intermediary is a bank that transform bank deposits into bank loans. There are several main function of the financial intermediaries, such as reduce the transaction cost, liquidity service (saving deposits or online banking to pay bills), risk sharing and asymmetric information (adverse selection, moral hazard) In a well-functioning economy, capital will flow efficiently from those who supply capital to those who demand it. The transfer of capital or fund can take place in the three different ways, there are direct transfers of money and securities, investment banking house and the financial intermediary. First, about the direct transfers of money and securities, this is occur when a business sells their bonds or stocks directly to the savers, in the process they are no have go through any type of the financial institution. For an example, Mr. Yong, the proprietor of a Apple Sdn Bhd and he decides to sell the appliances, he need to buy the initial inventory such as was hers, TV sets and freezers and that costs about RM 200,000. But he has only RM 100,000 in savings, so he direct to borrow the money from the other individual and without going any bank or the other intermediary. For an another simple example, if your friend lends you the money to help fund a new business after you graduate, this would be a direct transfer of fund. The diagram below is show that the process of the direct transfers of money and securities. Savers Business Securities ( Stocks or Bonds ) Dollars Second, about the investment banking house, that is an organization that underwrites and distributes new investment securities and help the businesses obtain financing. The underwriter serves as a middleman and facilitates the issuance of securities. The process of the transfer in investment banking house is the company sells their bonds or stocks to the investment banking house and then the investment banking house sell to the savers the same securities. The savers money and the businesses securities are just passing through the investment, so it will have a risk because they may not be able to resell all the securities to the savers. The diagram below show that how the businesses sell their securities to the saver by go through the investment banking house. Investment Banking Houses Savers Business Securities Securities Dollars Dollars Third, the most important of the financial service provided by financial institutions are acting as financial intermediaries. The financial intermediation are consists of the channeling fund between surplus and deficit agents. The intermediary obtains funds from savers in exchange for their own securities and they use this money to buy and hold the businesses securities. For an example, a saver might deposit the dollars in a bank, after than the bank might lend the money to a small business as a mortgage loan. There are several main function of the financial intermediaries, such as reduce the tra nsaction cost, liquidity service (saving deposits or online banking to pay bills), risk sharing and asymmetric information (adverse selection, moral hazard) In a well-functioning economy, capital will flow efficiently from those who supply capital to those who demand it. For an example about the transfer the securities between savers and business by go through the financial intermediary, if your family borrows the money to purchase a new car, you will probably raise the funds through a financial intermediary such as the local commercial bank or mortgage banker. The diagram below show that how the process of transfer the securities between savers and business by go through the financial intermediary. Savers Financial Intermediary Business Businesss Securities Businesss Securities Dollars Dollars Besides that, there are several classes of the financial intermediaries, such as Commercial Banks, Saving and Loan Associations (SLs), Mutual Savings Banks, Mutual Funds, Pensi on Funds and Life Insurance Companies. Commercial bank are providing many services, such as insurance and the stock brokerage services. The commercial banks are very different if compare to the investment banks. The commercial banks is lend the money and the investment bank is help the company to increase their capital from other party. Second is the Savings and loan associations, they serve the commercial mortgage borrowers and the individual savers and they take fund from the small savers and lend the money to the borrowers, such as home buyer. Besides that, the SLs have more expertise in setting up loans, analyzing credit, and making collections. Third is the mutual savings banks, the mutual savings banks is similar to SLs, they operate primarily in northeastern states, lend mainly on a long-term basis to home buyers and consumers and accept savings primarily from individuals. Next is the credit unions, they are the cooperative associations whose members are supposed to have the common bond, such as being the employees in same firm. They are also provide the cheapest source of the funds to the individual borrowers. After that is pension funds, it is a retirement plans that are funded by the government agencies and the corporations for their administered and worked by the trust of the commercial banks or by the life insurance companies. About the life insurance companies, they are take the savings in form of annual premiums and they invest these funds in stocks, bonds, real estate, and the mortgages and finally make payments to the beneficiaries of the insured parties. Last is the mutual funds, they are the corporations that accept money from savers and then use these funds to buy stocks, long-term bonds, or short-term debt instruments issued by businesses or government units.

Hiv / Aids And Its Effects On The Population - 904 Words

When it comes to health issues, there is an array of them that are responsible for individual’s death. It is a fact that the United States, as well as other countries worldwide, face different causes of death that are a product of human behavior. In this case, HIV/AIDS, which is well-known as a human immunodeficiency virus has been a major concern for society and public health due to the risk factors that contribute to the transmission of such disease, and also for â€Å" having profound social, political, psychological, and economic consequences on the community† (Peterson, 1998). Even though, HIV/AIDS represents a threat to public health due to the lack of cured, public health has addressed the issue by implementing preventive effective intervention strategies, having a positive impact on the population. According to data, 2.1 million individuals worldwide became infected with HIV in 2013; especially, 240,000 children that live in sub-Saharan Africa were infected by their HIV-positive mothers during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding (Aids. gov, 2014). In addition to this, data from UNAIDS shows that 19 million of the 35 million people living with HIV today do not know that they are infected by the virus (Aids.gov, 2014). With all that said, it is a fact that several factors contribute to the risk of HIV infection. According to the literature, risky sexual behaviors, including sexual intercourse before the age of 15 years, multiple sexual partners, and sex withoutShow MoreRelatedThe Fight Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Immunodeficiency Syndrome ( Hiv / Aids )1714 Words   |  7 Pagessyndrome (HIV/AIDS) in Africa and it became one of the earliest success stories (USAID 2004). However, the HIV-AIDS prevalence rates have been rising again drastically since 2011. 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Red Dress and Snow White Comparative Essay - 1820 Words

Comparative Essay Fitting in is always an issue in the world of teenage girls and some girls have better outcomes than others. â€Å"Snow White† by Grace Hu is a story about a teenage girl named Mary who is an albino. Mary struggles to be accepted because of her scary white exterior. Also she has low self confidence from being teased by her peers. Mary also only has one true friend that begins to drift apart from her. Another story that deals with the issue of acceptance is the story â€Å"Red Dress†. â€Å"Red Dress† by Alice Munro is a story about a teenage girl entering her first year of high school. She fights to be accepted and decides to go to the school dance with her one friend Lonnie, despite her terrible clothes put together by her crazy†¦show more content†¦This shows that if her own mother does not accept her the way she looks then how can other people be expected to accept her. This also must have hurt her and lowered her self confidence extremely. Hearing he r own mother saying such things about her, she can only wonder what other people say about her behind her back. Another example of Mary’s acceptance being affected by her family influences is when she speaks of her mother treating her condition by saying â€Å"I guess it hasn’t helped that my mother has always been overprotective in a way, practically passing out flyers on the subject matter to mothers and curious children on the playground†. This shows that instead of mother not mentioning her condition to any body and treating her like a normal child, she talks about her daughter’s condition openly like she is some sort of freak. If her mother did not talk about her condition and just talked about her characteristics or other things then people would just probably look past her condition more easily and accept her as she is. 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HR Manager Profile For Critical Vision

Question: Discuss about theHR Manager Profile For Critical Vision. Answer: Organizational Analysis Vision Critical provides technology based software to its clients for storing the data of clients and interact with them to resolve their query. The software helps companies to understand consumers needs and requirement. The software replaces the huge amount of data with some real facts which are helpful for the clients (Vision Critical 2017). Vision Criticals solutions are used by highly competitive organizations. Job Analysis of HR Manager Position The HR Manager would have to take care of all the activities of recruitment, induction training, compensation benefits and employee engagement. The HR would also be liable to ensure that all the company policies, processes, programs and procedures are being followed by the employees. The HR Manager would also act as an intermediate between the Vice Presidents of Facility and Operations Managers. The manager would also have to take care of all the management activities which are related to Human Resource. Job Specification Profile The candidate must have completed his Bachelors from an accredited university of the country. The candidate must possess at least 6-8 years of experience in the relevant field where the candidate must have worked as manager for at least 3 years. The candidate must have excellent organizing skills and problem solving ability. He/she must be able to prioritize the work in an independent environment (Kahnweiler and Kahnweiler 2012, 28). The candidate must abide by company policies such as maintaining confidentiality. The candidate must have excellent communication, persuasive, mentoring and coaching skills. Good leadership skills and the ability to manage individuals from diverse background (Kahnweiler and Kahnweiler 2012, 28). Analytical skills and critical thinking skills Excellent knowledge of information technology to understand the client requirements and train the staff. Time management and stress management. The candidate must have good writing skills along with excellent verbal ability. Ability to solve complex issues by applying analytical skills (Kahnweiler and Kahnweiler 2012, 28). Good interpersonal skills to maintain the relationship with the employees. Job Description The role of the manager is to look after acquisition management, recruitment and selection, compensation benefits, induction training and employee grievance and engagement to meet the goals and objectives of the company. To ensure that the employees abide by the company policies, processes procedures and programs to maintain the discipline within the company (HR Council 2009). To monitor the HR metrics such as employee attrition, engagement, grievance, engagement, vacancy time and rate. To settle down the issues of the employees through effective counseling and guidance to avoid any future conflict. To assess the risk involved in HR activities and take actions to prevent it in the beginning (Kahnweiler and Kahnweiler 2012, 28). Manage the documentation work, records, files and personnel documents of the employees. Identifying the need of training programs for employees and then hiring suitable training company who could train the employees as per the latest industry requirements. Monitor and evaluate existing HR policies and processes to improve them. Coach and mentor the employees through supervision and constant guidance. Resolve the queries of the employees to satisfy them. Vendor management and liaison with other vendors. To perform other HR duties and responsibilities to achieve the goals and objectives of the company. Competencies For Candidate The candidate must the following competencies: Global thinking: The HR must be open to every possibility. He should also be culturally aware in order to manage diversity at workplace. The manager must not discriminate among the staff people and should be able to identify the potential talent in them (Woodard 2014). Ability to foresee future: Manager must be competitive enough to stay ahead of current trends. The manager needs to consistently review his job role so as to identify the future opportunities and threats. For example, manager must be able to foresee the changing technology and how can the organization adapt itself for the latest technology through extensive training program for employees (Society for Human Resource Management 2008, 33). Flexibility: HR Manager must ensure transparency and fairness at workplace through his consistent behavior, but he is also supposed to demonstrate adaptability during critical situations in order to handle them effectively (Woodard 2014). Ability to asses and manage risk: HR Manager must be able to identify the potential risk in order to avoid threats. In order to identify risk, manager must be able to understand the risk. Further, he must develop a plan to mitigate the impact of risk on organization (Woodard 2014). Confident and courageous: The manager must be able to stand by his own decision to reflect his firmness and stability. Learn and grow: Manager must be a continuous learner (Woodard 2014). Factors of Excellent Performance To ensure excellent performance, organization must establish standard expectations from the employees, which needs to be taken care by HR Manager. The employees outperforming others must be given reward and recognition for their hard work and efforts (Info Entrepreneur 2017). On the other hand, an organization cannot ignore its low and average performers and must give them enough of time to increase their competency level and move them into high performance zone. Almost 80 percent of the employees belong to the average category and if an organization is even somehow able to move just 20 percent of these employees towards high performance zone then the results would be astonishing (Sharir 2013). Applying 30-60-10 Formula The formula is used to improve the overall productivity of the organization by improving the competencies of employees. As per the principle states, an organization must give 30 percent of its time to the high performers, 60 percent of time to average performer and remaining 10 percent of the time to low performers (Sharir 2013). The principle helps to instill enthusiasm within the employees by demonstrating fair practices at workplace. The organization would also be able to recruit talented people and as a result organization would move toward success. Measuring Performance In order to ensure good performance measurement process, an organization must adopt relevant, clear and concrete measures which can be easily understood by everybody. It is the duty of HR Manager to manage the performance measures which are based on relevant and authentic data. The collection of data must be an integral part of the standard process. The measures must have the ability to drive improvement for the growth of organization (Department of Trade and Industry 2017). Lastly, the measures must be in alignment with the goals and objectives of the organization. Following four steps are involved to outline the performance measurement: Define goals Define metrics Understand performance Start improvement SMART objective tool is used to define the goals. In order to define metrics one must think about the measurable factors which could affect the outcome. Effectiveness, efficiency and productivity are the three significant metrics to be considered by the organization. Effectiveness would reflect whether the expected results are being attained or not by following the right method of approach. The metric would include quality of service. Efficiency depends on the ratio of resource planned for usage and the actual resource used (Department of Trade and Industry 2017). One must then create reporting process through data collection and assembling the other necessary resources through the steps as follows (Department of Trade and Industry 2017): Create a system to gather the data for reporting. Define clear and concrete goals. Decide a method required for setting up the performance standards. Make a list of resources. Design format of data and categorize for summing up and consolidation. Look for the available sources to set standards. Make calendar for reporting. Design clear job roles. Identify the requirement for training. Improvement is then observed by comparing the current the target performance. References Department of Trade and Industry. 2017. Performance Measurement. Accessed February 2017. https://www.businessballs.com/dtiresources/performance_measurement_management.pdf. HR Council. 2009. HR Management Standards. Accessed February 2017. https://hrcouncil.ca/resource-centre/hr-standards/documents/HRC-HR_Standards_Web.pdf. Info Entrepreneur. 2017. Measure Performance And Set Targets. Accessed February 2017. https://www.infoentrepreneurs.org/en/guides/measure-performance-and-set-targets/ Kahnweiler, William and Kahnweiler, Jennifer. 2012. Shaping Your HR Role, 13-41. Routledge. Sharir, Eitan. 2013. The Expectation of Excellence: Creating a High-Performance Culture. HR Voice. Accessed February 2017. https://www.hrvoice.org/the-expectation-of-excellence-creating-a-high-performance-culture/. Society for Human Resource Management, 2008. HR Competencies:Mastery at the Intersection of People and Business, 33-75. US: Society for Human Resource Management. Vision Critical. 2017. About Us. Accessed February 2017. https://www.visioncritical.com/about-us/ Woodard, Nina. 2014. 6 key competencies every HR professional should possess. HR News, January 7. Accessed February 2017. https://hr.blr.com/HR-news/HR-Administration/HR-Strategy/6-key-competencies-every-HR-professional-should-po/

The Philosophical Revolution of Early Seventeenth Century

The Philosophical Revolution of the 17th century has a close link with the Scientific Revolution. It provided the foundation for the latter by stimulating it in different ways. The two were therefore intimately tied together such that the Scientific Revolution could not be described without making reference to the Philosophical Revolution.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Philosophical Revolution of Early Seventeenth Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Although philosophy was influenced by both religion and science during the classical era, it defined the world view of the literate culture.† (Tarnas 273).However, this role became a reserve of religion with the arrival of the medieval period while philosophy took a lesser role in linking faith to reason. The advent of the modern era marked a turning point where philosophy remarkably shifted its allegiance from religion to science. Two philosop hers namely Francis Bacon and Descartes were instrumental in shaping and fostering the Scientific Revolution during the Philosophical Revolution of the 17th century. In the seventeenth century, Francis Bacon pioneered the birth of a new era in natural science. He claimed that man required material redemption that was supposed to accompany his spiritual progress towards the Christian millenium, something that was to be done through natural science. Since the global explorers had discovered a new world, Bacon believed that it was important to discover a corresponding new mental world in which verbal confusions, subjective distortions, traditional prejudices and old thinking patterns were replaced by new methods of acquiring knowledge. He argued that for science to succeed there was need to replace verbiage and preconceptions with direct attention to things and their observed orderings. The true order of nature could only be discovered after the mind had been purified of all internal o bstacles that emanated from the fictitious forms of traditional philosophers. Bacon fostered the Scientific Revolution by expressing the spirit of Reformation and Ockham. This was inspired by his belief that recognition of the difference between God and his creation and his mind and that of man was the only way through which man could succeed in science. He elaborated the distinction between science and theology by pointing out that each realm was governed by unique laws and methods.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He therefore advocated for the separation of science and theology since theology belonged to the realm of faith while science belonged to the realm of nature. He promoted the Scientific Revolution to a great extent since he believed that experiments were instrumental in correcting the evidence of the senses and revealing truths obscured by nature. â€Å"Through the astute use of experiments, the evidence of the senses could be progressively corrected and enhanced to reveal the truths hidden in nature.’’(Tarnas 275). The other philosopher who made remarkable contribution in the Scientific Revolution during the seventeenth century philosophical revolution was Descartes. As Bacon inspired the distinctive character, direction and vigor of the new science, Descartes was instrumental in establishing its philosophical foundation. He noted the contradictions between different philosophical perspectives and the fact that religious revelation could not lead to adequate understanding of the empirical world. These factors combined with the residual confusions of his education compelled him to find out irrefutable basis for certain knowledge. His important contribution in the Scientific Revolution began by the first step of doubting everything. His intention was to eliminate all the past presumptions that confused human knowledge and pick out only the truths he himself could not doubt. Descartes used mathematical principles to accept only ideas that were devoid of internal contradiction, clear and distinct to him. By doing this, he discovered a new science that ushered man into a new era of practical knowledge, well-being and wisdom. â€Å"Skepticism and mathematics thus combined to produce the Cartesian revolution in philosophy. The third term in that revolution, that which was both the impulse behind and the outcome of systematic doubt and self-evident reasoning, was to be the bedrock of all human knowledge: the certainty of individual self awareness.† (Tarnas 278).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Philosophical Revolution of Early Seventeenth Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Descartes asserted the essential dichotomy between extended substance and thinking substance and by doing so, he played an important role in â€Å"emancipating t he world from its long association with religious belief, freeing science to develop its analysis of that world in terms uncontaminated by spiritual or human qualities and unconstrained by theological dogma.† (Tarnas 280). The natural world and the human mind gained autonomy they had never experienced before, as they were separated from God and from each other. Descartes and Bacon were the prophets of scientific civilisation and rebelled against ignorant past. These qualities enabled them to proclaim ‘the twin epistemological bases of the modern mind.† (Tarnas 280). Astronomy falls in the realm of physical sciences and is the oldest in this category. In most of the earliest civilisations, the regular movements of celestial motions were documented through astronomy and the records used in the prediction of future events. Both the ancient and modern astronomy played an important role in the Philosophical Revolution. The most remarkable astronomical developments in an cient times were associated with the Greeks who employed methods that were different from the ones employed earlier. Ancient astronomy is believed to have made important contribution in the Philosophical Revolution through the introduction of geometrical ideas. In his quest for absolute certainty, Descartes, who played a great role in the Philosophical Revolution employed mathematics and geometry to find absolute truth. He realized that geometry and arithmetic were characterised by rigorous methodology and this guaranteed him the certainty he was looking for with regard to philosophical matters. Geometry started with the statement of simple self-evident first principles, foundational axioms from which further and complex facts could be deduced through strict rational method. This method therefore helped Descartes to eventually establish absolute certainty. In this sense, ancient astronomy made an important contribution in the development of the Philosophical Revolution.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to ancient astronomy, modern astronomy also played an important role in the growth of Philosophical Revolution. Galileo was an instrumental philosopher whose astronomical knowledge made remarkable contributions in the revolution. He was a mathematician and an astronomer who conducted many astronomical discoveries. Astronomy was a technical discpline and most of the content was descriptive in nature. As a result, it was viewed that the statements philosophers made with regard to the nature could have been erroneous. This prompted philosophers to conduct more research hence the Philosophical Revolution was enhanced. Since he was interested in mechanical experimentation, Galileo came up with new traditions of natural philosophy whose focus was experimentation. This played an important role in the development of Philosophical Revolution. Many other philosophical reformists like William Gilbert expanded on his astronomical experiments even after his death. As a pioneer of mod ern astronomy, he significantly took part in the development of Philosophical Revolution hence modern astronomy played a crucial role in its growth. Work Cited Tarnas, Richard. The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas that Have Shaped Our World View, New York: Ballantine Books, 1993.Print This essay on The Philosophical Revolution of Early Seventeenth Century was written and submitted by user EmmaFrost to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Civil War

The North responded to the attack on Fort Sumter with shock and anger. Everywhere people were determined to support the government in whatever measures it might take. On April 15, Lincoln issued a proclamation that called up a total of 75,000 militia from the states. At the same time, calls for troops were sent to the governors of all states that had remained in the Union. On April 19 a second proclamation announced that Southern ports would be blockaded. A third proclamation, dated May 3, called for 42,000 three-year volunteers for the regular army and for 18,000 volunteers to serve one to three years in the navy. The South responded with equal determination Virginia and the rest of the upper South seceded. The Congress of the Confederacy authorized President Davis to wage the war now beginning. The border slave states of Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware never seceded. However, many thousands of men in Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland volunteered for service in the Confederate armies. Both the North and South raised troops as quickly as possible and struggled with the problem of equipping and training them. The states recruited volunteers and organized them into regiments. Officers were elected by the men and commissioned by the governors. In the beginning the length of service was usually short, but as soon as it became clear that the war would not end with one decisive battle, three-year-enlistments became the rule, although there were many exceptions. In the North the first troops ready for service were sent to Washington, D.C., and to points along the Ohio River. Confederate troops were concentrated in Tennessee and in northern Virginia, where they could threaten the federal capital. The North responded to the attack on Fort Sumter with shock and anger. Everywhere people were determined to support the government in whatever measures it might take. On April 15, Lincoln issued a proclamation that called up a total of 75... Free Essays on Civil War Free Essays on Civil War The North responded to the attack on Fort Sumter with shock and anger. Everywhere people were determined to support the government in whatever measures it might take. On April 15, Lincoln issued a proclamation that called up a total of 75,000 militia from the states. At the same time, calls for troops were sent to the governors of all states that had remained in the Union. On April 19 a second proclamation announced that Southern ports would be blockaded. A third proclamation, dated May 3, called for 42,000 three-year volunteers for the regular army and for 18,000 volunteers to serve one to three years in the navy. The South responded with equal determination Virginia and the rest of the upper South seceded. The Congress of the Confederacy authorized President Davis to wage the war now beginning. The border slave states of Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware never seceded. However, many thousands of men in Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland volunteered for service in the Confederate armies. Both the North and South raised troops as quickly as possible and struggled with the problem of equipping and training them. The states recruited volunteers and organized them into regiments. Officers were elected by the men and commissioned by the governors. In the beginning the length of service was usually short, but as soon as it became clear that the war would not end with one decisive battle, three-year-enlistments became the rule, although there were many exceptions. In the North the first troops ready for service were sent to Washington, D.C., and to points along the Ohio River. Confederate troops were concentrated in Tennessee and in northern Virginia, where they could threaten the federal capital. The North responded to the attack on Fort Sumter with shock and anger. Everywhere people were determined to support the government in whatever measures it might take. On April 15, Lincoln issued a proclamation that called up a total of 75... Free Essays on Civil War The American Civil WarIn 1860, arguably the world's greatest nation was locked in Civil War. Thewar divided the country between the North (Union) and South (Confederate).The war lasted five years and by 1865 the Confederate forces were trulybeaten. Out of this horrendous war though, where some 600,000 men died grewa greater sense of nationalism than is today, unrivalled around the world.The American Civil War is interpreted differently by many historians butmost see the catalyst as slavery, the motivation as economic, the outcomewas a unified national identity.Slavery was a major issue that triggered the American Civil War. Slaverystarted out, as a few individual slaves coming from England that weregenerally white. This changed however, and soon the Southern slave tradersbegan 'stealing' blacks to take back to the South. The slaves were forcedto work 16-hour days, slave women were only seen as breeders and there wereno laws against the rape of a female slave. In 1860 slaves accounted forone third of the South's population and even still they had no rights (seeappendix one). The Unionist North many people believed it was immoral toown another human being. These people were called Abolitionists. The Southrelied strongly on the slave trade and when the North spoke of abolishingit, the South spoke of forming there own country, The Confederate states ofAmerica. The South began to see that the North was going to take actionagainst the South's inhumane slave policy. In early 1860, South Carolinaformed under a new flag, Confederate States of America flag, so that theycould continue to operate their slave trade. What followed was an ordinanceof succession which saw the other slave populated states also swear an oathto the Confederate States of America, also so that they could continuetheir slave trade. This situation was found to be unworkable and it dividedthe country in two. So in the words of Abraham Lincoln, 'A house divideagainst itself can... Free Essays on Civil War Introduction: The American Civil War was a war fought within the United States of America between the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy) starting from 1861 and ending in 1865. This war was one of the most destructive events in American history, costing more than 600,000 lives. It was thought to be one that helped shape the character of the American individual today. From the Southern point of view, this war was a War of Rebellion, or a War for Southern Independence. From the Northern point of view this war was seen as a revolution. This unfortunate war started as a result of many years of differences between the Union and the Confederacy. It erupted after many years of conflict building up between the two regions. Between the North and the South there lay deep economic, social and political differences, but it is important to understand that Slavery was the root of cause of these differences. II. Social Causes There were many factors that contributed to the onset of the Civil War. Socially , the North and the South were built on different standards. The South, or the Slave States, was a slave-based community that followed a class-based system. This system consisted of aristocracy. Causes: World War I was immediately precipitated by the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 1914. There were many factors that had led toward war. Prominent causes were the imperialistic, territorial, and economic rivalries that had been intensifying from the late 19th century, among Germany, France, Great Britain, Russia, and Austria-Hungary. Of equal importance was the rampant spirit of nationalism, especially unsettling in the empire of Austria-Hungary and perhaps also in France. Nationalism had brought the unification of Germany by â€Å"blood and iron,† and France, deprived of Alsace and Lorraine by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, had been left with its own nationalistic cult s... Free Essays on Civil War Long before the Civil War the mis-education of Negroes began. Missionaries were sent south to teach freed slaves and schools began to form. Rather than help the Negroes develop they instead set out to transform them into what they wanted them to be, allowing them to learn what they wanted them to learn. Freed men who considered themselves well educated taught other freed men, but had no curriculum other than that made by whites for whites educating Negroes away from there history. Negroes were left out of all educational curriculum except to condemn them or portray them as savages. Whites were tough to hate Negroes and Negroes were taught to feel inferior to whites. Negroes were not allowed there rightful place in Science not telling students that ancient Africans knew sufficient science. Not telling them about how they made poisons for there arrow heads and mixed colors to create paint. They left out Negro inventors altogether often claming there inventions as there own. Negroes were never taught about what they brought over from Africa, there ideas or there influences. Nothing was taught about African language and in literature the Africans were never mentioned. Negro doctors were taught that they were carriers of germs such as syphilis and tuberculosis which began as a white man diseases, but because they had not developed a immunity to theses diseases yet in became wide spread among the Negro community . Negro lawyers were taught that they belonged to the most criminal element in the country. The Supreme Court permitted the judicial nullification of the 14th and 15th amendment. In history the Negro was portrayed as having no thought and nothing to contribute. Nothing was ever taught about how they were the first to domesticate sheep, cows and goats or how they were the first to introduce trial by jury. Negroes have been taught theses things for so long that they have become lost in the bias vie...

Compensation and Benefit Systems Research Paper

Compensation and Benefit Systems - Research Paper Example Moreover, harsh working conditions that are undergone by Chinese employees who put together Apple products at Foxconn worsen the already deprived compensation system. A survey by FLA (Fair Labour Association) in early 2012 discovered that 64.3% of Apple employees at Foxconn were not content with their compensation because they did not cover their basic needs. Moreover, the same proportion of Apple workers experience difficult work conditions for about 56 hours weekly (Denning 2012). The same FLA investigation discovered that the average monthly salary for unsupervised Apple employees at Foxconn was around $385, which is equal to $4,622 per annum. This compensation system includes salaries from the high rate of overtime hours these employees engage in. It is worth noting that the calculation of this analysis of the yearly salaries of Apple employees at Foxconn presumes that wages over the previous financial quarter represent those received all through the year. As a result, the strate gy might exaggerate incomes for 2013 because they might have increased since and play down incomes for the financial year 2014 because incomes might increase (McRitchie 2015). The compensation system for Apple’s executive or leadership team demonstrates the significant income discrepancy between the Apple C-suite and staffers compensation systems. The table below offers a detailed illustration of the sum of $441 million required in compensation by the team of nine executives comprising Apple’s leadership team in 2011.

Examination of the Extent to which section 51 Companies Act 2006 has Essay

Examination of the Extent to which section 51 Companies Act 2006 has clarified the Law relating to Pre-Incorporation Contracts - Essay Example The purpose of pre-incorporation contracts is to encourage entrepreneurship and efficiency in creating simplicity and flexibility in formation and maintenance of companies. It also satisfies the need of an upcoming company to acquire rights and liabilities. This ensures that the company can start with business after incorporation. The challenge is that these companies do not have legal personality, due to their inexistence, and thus cannot make agreements. It is therefore important to evaluate the advantages and the shortcomings, and the future of the same on the role of promoters. If the Company does nothing, it is taken to have ratified to the agreement and the promoter is not be personally liable for the agreement. However, if the incorporation of the company has not been done or, after incorporation, rejects the agreement, the promoter becomes automatically liable for liabilities that may be created in the course of acting as promoter and entering into agreements. The liability i s then discharged only if the company subsequently enters into an agreement on similar terms or in exchange of, the pre-incorporation contract; or to the ends that the Board ratifies or is taken to have ratified the contract or action. The only option is then to have a promoter or agent contract in the company’s behalf. They thus incur liability for the company before incorporation. A promoter, according to the case of Twycross v Grant, 3 is one who forms a company with reference to specific projects and set it going, and take necessary steps to meet that purpose. This includes those who take the procedural steps necessary to form the company, or sets up the company’s business, but not those acting merely in professional capacity on the instructions of a promoter. They deal with formalities of registration of companies, from finding directors and shareholders to holding negotiations for business contracts for the new companies. They are also involved in the formation o f a company and are thus personally liable for the pre-incorporation contracts as neither the principle and agent relationship exists. Reason being the lack of that relationship between the agent and the principal as there is in real sense no principle. The common law puts in obstacles to those wishing to contract on behalf of such companies. This is to discourage people from signing or contracting on behalf of non-existent companies. These companies are not legal entities and thus are not permitted to perform juristic acts. According to common law, no person has the right to act as an agent of a company not yet established, in the expectation of ratification after it becomes incorporated. A company cannot then gain legal status before its existence of attaining contractual rights or sustaining contractual liabilities that exist from pre-incorporation agreements. These contracts cannot then oblige a company. The status of promoters ceases to exist after formation of the board of dir ectors. Promoters of the company may also undertake to enter into contracts on the entity’s behalf, where the company may later refute to approve or consent after incorporation. This position is important as it prevents fiduitiary promoters claiming to be acting for the company, as in the case of

Grendal and Existentialism Essay Example for Free

Grendal and Existentialism Essay Gardner chose to display the philosophical idea of existentialism in his novel, Grendel. Grendel, the main character, shows proof of supporting these ideas. Existentialism related to the basic idea of individualism, in which each individual is an isolated being too which is cast into an alien universe. In this literary theory, it is believed that the world possesses no inherent human truth, value or meaning. Existentialists believe that there is no god and no heaven, and Gardner uses this belief in his novel â€Å"They sense that, of course, from time to time; have uneasy feelings that all they live by is nonsense. They have dim apprehensions that such propositions as ‘God does not exist’ are somewhat dubious at least in comparison with statements like ‘All carnivorous cows eat meat. ’† (pg 64-65) Observing from a different viewpoint, this realm of thought gives individuals freedom to do as they please, without possessing any external pressures. In a world without sense, all choices are possible. One has the freedom to make each decision based on one’s own personal code of ethics and commitment to one’s self, as opposed to being swayed by societal pressures or religious beliefs. This principle gives people sovereignty; it makes people happy knowing they have no responsibilities in life. Grendel views the world as an open space of â€Å"nothingness† to which he entered, to which the nothingness where it must end. He comes to the realization that his own, along with every other individuals existence is merely just a flash in time, in a billion billion billion years, everything will have come and gone several times, in various forms (page70). He possesses the belief that all men are mechanical. He is given the opportunity to observe and study them, introducing him to the idea of conformity, with the desire that he too can find meaning in this world. At the beginning of the novel Grendel demonstrates pure innocence. With the story of his first encounter with men, after getting his foot stuck in a crack where two old tree trunks joined he yells â€Å"Mama! Waa! Waa! †, with an urgent need to define things and find a meaning for himself. But as the novel progresses, Grendel turns into a monster and taking up the ideas that â€Å"the world [is] nothing: a mechanical chaos of casual, brute enmity on which we stupidly impose our hopes and fears (21-22). It is because of events like this that Grendel started to take existentialist views on the world, then when he met the dragon these beliefs started to enhance. When the dragon enters the plot, he convinces Grendel to attack King Hrothgar’s Mead Hall, in hopes of possessing a purpose and fitting into the world, allowing him to temporarily exist with mankind. Following the incident, he continues to possess the ability to think for himself, he detaches his thoughts from his previous decisions to view the situation objectively. In doing so he comes to the realization that he will never mesh with this world completely and feels trapped and empty, like a monster with visions of himself killing the men. Struggling to keep his own sanity, Grendel comes to the realization he cannot continue to live his life this way, realizing he is in complete isolation. It is not until his depression, that he comes to the realization he does not want to live the life of a monster, making the decision to refuse to kill Unferth as well as Wealtheow, realizing it had no purpose, going against his previous role, with great desire to give his life meaning. However, it is not until he, the unstoppable monster, surrenders to Beowulf, allowing him to rip his arm from his socket, giving in to his â€Å"design,† when he is able to attain true happiness. Grendel’s desire for meaning goes against all beliefs of existentialism. From the beginning of the novel, to the middle, and all the way to the end, we see Grendel go through many different changes. The reason he is an existentialist in the middle of the novel is because he kills with no meaning. There is no purpose for his kills; he is just confused with life and does what others tell him, which is to kill. Finally when Grendel starts thinking for himself he realizes that there is no purpose to killing, this is when he finally decides he does not want to be a monster. A true monster finds joy out of his kills and thinks of it as a victory, which is what truly proves Grendel is not a monster.

Commanding Lady Fortune: Machiavelli’s Theory of History Essay

Commanding Lady Fortune: Machiavelli’s Theory of History Machiavelli opens his Discourses on Livy by declaring that what will follow will be entirely revolutionary—â€Å"a path yet untrodden by anyone†Ã¢â‚¬â€but then quickly backs down from such assertions, shifting his focus away from his own efforts to the modern views of the ancients, and leaving the nature of this revolutionary undertaking ambiguous (Discourses, 5) . Indeed, the purpose of the whole work is repeatedly skirted in the preface. Machiavelli instead focuses on the distinction between the moderns and the ancients, mourning the superficial modern adoption of ancient ideas in art and law that lacks a deeper understanding of the philosophical underpinnings of ancient thought. He leaves us with only a vague description of his purpose in writing the Discourses—â€Å"so that those who read these statements of mine can more easily draw from them that utility for which one should seek knowledge of histories† (Discourses, 6). What the specific utility of history is, however, and what is so novel about his treatment of it, Machiavelli does not say. However, within the preface, and throughout his subsequent treatment of the idea of history in both the Discourses and The Prince, it becomes clear that he is indeed arguing something revolutionary through his use of history as a guide for politics. He chastises the moderns for â€Å"judging that imitation is not only difficult but impossible—as if heaven, sun, elements, men had varied in motion, order, and power from what they were in antiquity,† that is, for being deceived by Christianity into believing that its inception had fundamentally altered the nature of the world, and that a distinction between the ancients and the moderns is anything... ...lf than of the prince he has been hired to serve, meaning that, because Machiavelli also believes in a human nature that is at its foundation, deeply self-serving, a monarch can have no true advisors and is doomed to failure (Prince, 93). In a republic, however, men like Machiavelli are free to look out for their own good while charting a course for the state, as both goods are aligned (Discourses, 130). While the prince of a republic may himself only possess the second kind of mind and be unable by his nature to come to such a broad understanding of history and the causality of human events that Machiavelli has, it is enough that he has among his advisors such men as Machiavelli. Thus, ultimately, Machiavelli’s â€Å"yet untrodden path† turns out to be the creation of a method for government that is premised on the ability to master every kind of manifestation of fortune. Commanding Lady Fortune: Machiavelli’s Theory of History Essay Commanding Lady Fortune: Machiavelli’s Theory of History Machiavelli opens his Discourses on Livy by declaring that what will follow will be entirely revolutionary—â€Å"a path yet untrodden by anyone†Ã¢â‚¬â€but then quickly backs down from such assertions, shifting his focus away from his own efforts to the modern views of the ancients, and leaving the nature of this revolutionary undertaking ambiguous (Discourses, 5) . Indeed, the purpose of the whole work is repeatedly skirted in the preface. Machiavelli instead focuses on the distinction between the moderns and the ancients, mourning the superficial modern adoption of ancient ideas in art and law that lacks a deeper understanding of the philosophical underpinnings of ancient thought. He leaves us with only a vague description of his purpose in writing the Discourses—â€Å"so that those who read these statements of mine can more easily draw from them that utility for which one should seek knowledge of histories† (Discourses, 6). What the specific utility of history is, however, and what is so novel about his treatment of it, Machiavelli does not say. However, within the preface, and throughout his subsequent treatment of the idea of history in both the Discourses and The Prince, it becomes clear that he is indeed arguing something revolutionary through his use of history as a guide for politics. He chastises the moderns for â€Å"judging that imitation is not only difficult but impossible—as if heaven, sun, elements, men had varied in motion, order, and power from what they were in antiquity,† that is, for being deceived by Christianity into believing that its inception had fundamentally altered the nature of the world, and that a distinction between the ancients and the moderns is anything... ...lf than of the prince he has been hired to serve, meaning that, because Machiavelli also believes in a human nature that is at its foundation, deeply self-serving, a monarch can have no true advisors and is doomed to failure (Prince, 93). In a republic, however, men like Machiavelli are free to look out for their own good while charting a course for the state, as both goods are aligned (Discourses, 130). While the prince of a republic may himself only possess the second kind of mind and be unable by his nature to come to such a broad understanding of history and the causality of human events that Machiavelli has, it is enough that he has among his advisors such men as Machiavelli. Thus, ultimately, Machiavelli’s â€Å"yet untrodden path† turns out to be the creation of a method for government that is premised on the ability to master every kind of manifestation of fortune.

Religion and Corruption in Nigeria Essay

In the constitution of our nation religion feature prominently at the very beginning. I the preamble to the 199 constitution, it is affirmed and solemnly resolved that we intend to live in hrity and harmony as one indivisible and in dissolvable fevereigh nation under God. Indeed the overwhelming mighty of Nigerian are religions people we believe in the supremacy of God, we believe that God is the very basis of our individual lives and our corporate existence. We believe in and relate with supernatural realities through prayers and supplications and through the offering of sacrifices find churches, musgus shrines and Sunday prayer houses everywhere in the land we take part in crusades, worship sessions and might rights, we offer sacrifices and observe fasting days and religions holidays, and we so in large numbers on religion is pilgrimages to Jerusalem and mecca, taking pride in being called Jerusalem pilgrims (JP) or Alhaji throughout our lives. While thee is noticeable decline in religion farour in may parts of the world to lay the religion inter praise seem to thrive very much in Nigeria, as more and more company ware houses private buildings, schools, and our spirit stadia are being courted to prayer arena, and the stadia hort more religion crusades than for spiriting events. It is noticeable that street within our town and villages as well as inter-state highways are often blocked these days by enthusiastic worshippers who flock to church and camp meetings. It is not and exaggeration to state that there are as many churches and Mosques as there are streets in our urban areas. According to Norimitsa Onishi in an article in new York times march 13,2002 â€Å"Christianity is growing faster in sub-Saharan Africa than in any other place on earth. Roman Catholicism and the other Major protestant denomination are gaing mine follows everyday, but new churches are leading the boom. Within this religion firmament, bishops, evangelists pastors, prophet, faith leaders and visionaries, as well as sheikhs, mams and gurus of all sorts are swelling in number and having a failed day in recent past a new dimension has been added to the throwing religions enterprise. And this is the increased patronage of high ranking public official who not openly call for and sponsm regular prayers sessions in different churches and prayer houses have themselves become born again Christians and prayer erchants, often appearing at church crusades and prayer vigils with all the paraphernalia of public office and sometimes grabbing the microphone to render sanctiononion homilies and earthshaking prayers. Also worthy of note is that these days prayer and preaulims sessions are no longer limited to churches, Mosques and homes, but they are held in government offices, in commercial buses, corporate boardrooms and in open markets. Nigerian going about their daily businesses are seen brandishi ng the Bible Wkoran, the Rosary or Islamic prayer beads. The langeil bill boards in our town and cities are those colvertising upcoming religions crusades are faith healing carnivals. The exclamations, to God be the glory, praise the Lord, the Lord is God, Bless you, â€Å" and Alaahu wa K’bar,† are often on the lips of Nigeria at worker at play from the exacted members of the National Executive council or Council of State to the young own who are about to sick common entrance examination. Succinctly put from all outward indication Nigerians are a chronically religions people. Unarguably one can perrps say about there is no nation in the modem world unit as muner religiosity as contemporary Nigerian . Now how do you place the religion piety of Nigeria with the endemic corruption in our society ? With all the show of religiosity one would have expected to see a very high degree of social morality in Nigeria, since all world religions generally promote truth, justice, honesty and probity. But this is a reverse case withy us. The is an embarrassing contradiction between the high ethical demands of the religion profess by majority of Nigerian and the phenomenon of corruption greed and graft that has earned our country one of the most corrupt nation in the world. Some observes of the phenomenon actually say that corruption is so endemic in the Nigeria society that the society economic and political system can almost not tinetion without it. Along side religiosity corruption in its many shapes and sizes is becoming in Nigeria- from the petty bribery taken in the work in the office or the policeman at the check point, to the grand corruption by which huge project contract are hurriedly awarded, not for the sake of common good, but because of the greed awarding official, who requires some money via contract â€Å"kick-baiks† The Nigeria society is prevalence with frauct, thievery and roguery even as our environment is a wash with prayers and ritual sacrifices to the God of truth, justice and holiness. Doesn’t it seen a contradictory to many highly placed Nigeria hat they embezzle and misappropriate stupendous amounts of public and company, and even church funds while at the same time trying to occupy the front seats and even struggle or pray to take religion titles in their churches corruption is so perverse that it has infiltrated every facet of the Nigeria society procure medical certificates of fitness from hospitals when they have not undergone any medicate testy obtain sick leave permits from doctors when they hale and hearty, falsify the age of their children obtain fake certificate in order to gel them to school or obtain jobs for them, routinely swear to false affidavit in order to obtain false age declarations when seeking employment etc. it is a statement or fast that many or those who today and drivers licence have never been to a drawing school. They simply pay for the license and declare themselves drivers thereby putting the lives of genuine drivers into jeopa rdy. Many of our country men who flock our churches on Sundays and fill the mosque on Fridays are constantly involve in such fraudulent activities as evading tax, issuing and obtaining of take receipts, over invoicing and under –invoicing importation of take drugs, petty and large scale bribery, take anclit report, adverse fee frond, ete. All these practices are so common place so inside spread that many Nigerian youths can not decipher between good eril or between what is right and wrong. As a result, corruption in Nigeria has been described as system, and the consequence are legion corruption has bred in efficiency and diminished productivity in both the public and private sectors of the economy. It has discourage investment, fuelled capital flight, increased unemployment and inflation, created and acute degree of poverty, brought about a severe decline in the quality of life and life expectancy in Nigeria and given Nigeria and Nigeria a terribly bad image in the cornity of Nations. Infant corruption is an affront on human dignity and an assault on the human conscience apart from being a negation of the Christian rocation to promote holiness and righteousness in the world. Are they truly Christians? This question is pertinent and fundamental because many of our people who engage in the sharp practices enumerated above would like to be seen as pious Christians. But really are they? Do they really know the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, the God of holiness and righteousness, who in Leviticus 19:2 says† be holy for the Lord am holy† Do they really know the God of Moses and Joshua who on mount Siriat presented the ten commandment as the tempt of his contract with him people insisting that fidelity to this ethical code is what will distinguish his people from others? Do Nigerian who claim to worship God, but who at the same time offer and take bribe, defraud, evade tax and circumvent justice know the God of Mosses who in Exodus 22:8 says â€Å" You will accept no bribes, for a bribe blinds the clear sighted and is the cause of the ruin of the upright. Do they know the God of the prophets who in Isaiah 33:15 says that the person who will be qualified to be in his presence is the one who â€Å"acts uprightly and speaks honestly, who scorns to be rich by extortion, who rejects bribes out of hand, who refuses to listen to plan involving bloodshed and shuts his eyes rather than countenance crime. Do Nigerian worshippers who make a daily show of their religiosity known that what the Lord truly require of us is to love terekerly, to do justice and to work humbly by me God (Micah6:8 John the Baptist while preparing for the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ crudemned the kind of religion that thrives side by side with corruption as empty ritualism. In his addrer to those who gathered to listen to him, amongst whom were solders and tax collectors, he admonished â€Å"Exalt no more than the appointed rate†¦ No intimidation. No Excntinu be content with your pay† Luke 3:13-14. Jesus himself denounced the kind of religions practice that was not matched by high moral and ethical standards in realize that not all those who claim to be Christians will enter the kingdom of heaven but only those who do the will of the father Mathew 5. This Christianity make no room for crooks and fraudsters. It has no place for those who offered take bribes. Genuine Christianity does not accommodate the cnetire of â€Å" settlement† in Nigeria to day. Therefore, faced with the contradiction and the embarrassment of a booming Christianity in the most of an environment that stinks with corruption and indiscipline, one is poise to conclude that what is spreading like wildfire in contemporary Nigeria is not genuine Christianity at all, but a masc movement with elements of Christian ritualism, one that is in large measure shallow, superficial, noisy and devoid of substance and depth. Popular Christianity in Nigeria is often Materialistic and individualistic in orientation, with an in credibly high sense of devotion to the cult of material and physical prosperity, success and healing, and with little or no attention at all given to the social morality of the believing persons.

Reflection Paper About Nutrition - 1446 Words

After being in this class, Nutrition means a lot to me now than it had before. Nutrition to me means eating healthy in order to get all the proper vitamins/minerals and nutrients needed in order to stay healthy. It also means to eat healthy and choose the right foods in order to avoid chronic diseases. A diet that I have always followed during my lifetime is that I am a vegetarian. I do not eat meat, chicken, or any seafood. This means that I do occasionally eat other cultural foods like different types of Indian food. In my diet, I have strengths and weaknesses. My strengths are that I am in the right levels in fats and cholesterol. But my weaknesses are that I am under in many of the vitamins and also minerals or some key nutrients†¦show more content†¦I should also limit salt that is not needed in my body. I should read food labels that show that sodium is high in the foods that I consume. Sodium consumption should be less then 2300 mg a day. For this, reading food labels and trying to avoids foods with high levels of sodium is the best way to fix this problem. I also noticed that I am under in many of my vitamins and minerals. To fix this problem, I need to also eat more foods that contain more vitamins and minerals. Later on, I’ll discuss the vitamins and minerals that I am lacking and the foods that I can substitute or add into my diet to improve this problem. Another problem, I have is that I am under in all my foods groups. This means that I need to start consuming more vegetables, fruits, grains, proteins, dairy and oils into my diet. So, some general modifications that I can make in my food record to make my 3-day record are that for the first day, I can add fruits into my breakfast meal and add more whole grain whole wheat bread slices with 2% reduced fat milk rather than whole milk. I can also add more veggies into my sandwich and add healthy oils into it in order to get healthier fats into my diet. Also, other modifications I can ma ke in my day one of the food record is adding veggies into my homemade pasta, veggies like peas or broccoli. I can also add a healthier snack into my diet like a fruit or even nuts. On my day two of the food record, I can eat whole grain wholeShow MoreRelatedPhysical And Cognitive Values Of The Aging Process Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesLife Review In this paper, aging will be analyzed and evaluated by many topics that are involved in the aging process. J.S. is an elderly woman with information and insight about the aging process as she explains her own life experiences. The topics to be discussed are biological information, biological theory, sociological theory, risk factors, interventions, communication techniques, and self-reflection. 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