The Role Of Financial Markets And Financial Institutions Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

What is financial market? In the economics, the financial market is a mechanism that allows the people to sell and buy the financial commodities, securities and other fungible items of value at a low transaction costs and at prices that reflect the efficient-market hypothesis. The financial markets can be divided into different subtypes, there are capital markets, stock markets, bond markets, commodity markets, money markets, derivatives markets, future markets, insurance markets and foreign exchange markets. Next, the capital markets consist of the primary markets and the secondary markets. The primary markets allow to buy or sold the newly formed securities. The secondary markets are allow the investors to sell their securities that they hold or buy the existing securities. In the financial market, the financial institution is an establishment that is focuses on dealing with the financial transactions, such as the loans, deposits and investments. The financial instituti ons are including the credit unions, banks, building societies, stock brokerages and management firms. The function of the financial institutions, such as the futures, commodity markets, currency, stock exchanges and options exchanges are very important for the economy. Those institutions are involved in the providing and creating ownership for the financial claims. Next, those institutions are also responsible for maintaining the liquidity in the market and also managing the price change risks. Besides that, those institutions are also provide the investment opportunity and help the businesses to generate the funds for various purposes. Third, the most important of the financial service provided by financial institutions are acting as financial intermediaries. The financial intermediation are consists of the channeling fund between surplus and deficit agents. The financial intermediary is a financial institution that connects the deficit and surplus agents. For an example of the financial intermediary is a bank that transform bank deposits into bank loans. There are several main function of the financial intermediaries, such as reduce the transaction cost, liquidity service (saving deposits or online banking to pay bills), risk sharing and asymmetric information (adverse selection, moral hazard) In a well-functioning economy, capital will flow efficiently from those who supply capital to those who demand it. The transfer of capital or fund can take place in the three different ways, there are direct transfers of money and securities, investment banking house and the financial intermediary. First, about the direct transfers of money and securities, this is occur when a business sells their bonds or stocks directly to the savers, in the process they are no have go through any type of the financial institution. For an example, Mr. Yong, the proprietor of a Apple Sdn Bhd and he decides to sell the appliances, he need to buy the initial inventory such as was hers, TV sets and freezers and that costs about RM 200,000. But he has only RM 100,000 in savings, so he direct to borrow the money from the other individual and without going any bank or the other intermediary. For an another simple example, if your friend lends you the money to help fund a new business after you graduate, this would be a direct transfer of fund. The diagram below is show that the process of the direct transfers of money and securities. Savers Business Securities ( Stocks or Bonds ) Dollars Second, about the investment banking house, that is an organization that underwrites and distributes new investment securities and help the businesses obtain financing. The underwriter serves as a middleman and facilitates the issuance of securities. The process of the transfer in investment banking house is the company sells their bonds or stocks to the investment banking house and then the investment banking house sell to the savers the same securities. The savers money and the businesses securities are just passing through the investment, so it will have a risk because they may not be able to resell all the securities to the savers. The diagram below show that how the businesses sell their securities to the saver by go through the investment banking house. Investment Banking Houses Savers Business Securities Securities Dollars Dollars Third, the most important of the financial service provided by financial institutions are acting as financial intermediaries. The financial intermediation are consists of the channeling fund between surplus and deficit agents. The intermediary obtains funds from savers in exchange for their own securities and they use this money to buy and hold the businesses securities. For an example, a saver might deposit the dollars in a bank, after than the bank might lend the money to a small business as a mortgage loan. There are several main function of the financial intermediaries, such as reduce the tra nsaction cost, liquidity service (saving deposits or online banking to pay bills), risk sharing and asymmetric information (adverse selection, moral hazard) In a well-functioning economy, capital will flow efficiently from those who supply capital to those who demand it. For an example about the transfer the securities between savers and business by go through the financial intermediary, if your family borrows the money to purchase a new car, you will probably raise the funds through a financial intermediary such as the local commercial bank or mortgage banker. The diagram below show that how the process of transfer the securities between savers and business by go through the financial intermediary. Savers Financial Intermediary Business Businesss Securities Businesss Securities Dollars Dollars Besides that, there are several classes of the financial intermediaries, such as Commercial Banks, Saving and Loan Associations (SLs), Mutual Savings Banks, Mutual Funds, Pensi on Funds and Life Insurance Companies. Commercial bank are providing many services, such as insurance and the stock brokerage services. The commercial banks are very different if compare to the investment banks. The commercial banks is lend the money and the investment bank is help the company to increase their capital from other party. Second is the Savings and loan associations, they serve the commercial mortgage borrowers and the individual savers and they take fund from the small savers and lend the money to the borrowers, such as home buyer. Besides that, the SLs have more expertise in setting up loans, analyzing credit, and making collections. Third is the mutual savings banks, the mutual savings banks is similar to SLs, they operate primarily in northeastern states, lend mainly on a long-term basis to home buyers and consumers and accept savings primarily from individuals. Next is the credit unions, they are the cooperative associations whose members are supposed to have the common bond, such as being the employees in same firm. They are also provide the cheapest source of the funds to the individual borrowers. After that is pension funds, it is a retirement plans that are funded by the government agencies and the corporations for their administered and worked by the trust of the commercial banks or by the life insurance companies. About the life insurance companies, they are take the savings in form of annual premiums and they invest these funds in stocks, bonds, real estate, and the mortgages and finally make payments to the beneficiaries of the insured parties. Last is the mutual funds, they are the corporations that accept money from savers and then use these funds to buy stocks, long-term bonds, or short-term debt instruments issued by businesses or government units.

Hiv / Aids And Its Effects On The Population - 904 Words

When it comes to health issues, there is an array of them that are responsible for individual’s death. It is a fact that the United States, as well as other countries worldwide, face different causes of death that are a product of human behavior. In this case, HIV/AIDS, which is well-known as a human immunodeficiency virus has been a major concern for society and public health due to the risk factors that contribute to the transmission of such disease, and also for â€Å" having profound social, political, psychological, and economic consequences on the community† (Peterson, 1998). Even though, HIV/AIDS represents a threat to public health due to the lack of cured, public health has addressed the issue by implementing preventive effective intervention strategies, having a positive impact on the population. According to data, 2.1 million individuals worldwide became infected with HIV in 2013; especially, 240,000 children that live in sub-Saharan Africa were infected by their HIV-positive mothers during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding (Aids. gov, 2014). In addition to this, data from UNAIDS shows that 19 million of the 35 million people living with HIV today do not know that they are infected by the virus (Aids.gov, 2014). With all that said, it is a fact that several factors contribute to the risk of HIV infection. According to the literature, risky sexual behaviors, including sexual intercourse before the age of 15 years, multiple sexual partners, and sex withoutShow MoreRelatedThe Fight Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Immunodeficiency Syndrome ( Hiv / Aids )1714 Words   |  7 Pagessyndrome (HIV/AIDS) in Africa and it became one of the earliest success stories (USAID 2004). However, the HIV-AIDS prevalence rates have been rising again drastically since 2011. Uganda now seeks for â€Å"Preventive Measures† lessons from other countries that had used it before as â€Å"a learning and reference point† (Monitor Uganda, May 8, 2013). Therefore, the question of interest in this paper is why are the rates of HIV-AIDS suddenly increasing in Uganda? According to the 2011 AIDS IndicatorRead MoreRole Of The Affordable Care Act Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of the Affordable Care Act in Reducing the Cost of HIV in the United States HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and if left untreated, can lead to AIDS (Fauci, 1988). Globally, 36.7 million people are living with HIV and 1.2 million are living with HIV in the United States. Over the last decade, the annual number of new HIV diagnoses decreased by 19%, and many health professionals and public health researchers attribute this to both awareness and prevention. Research shows thatRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( Aids )1199 Words   |  5 PagesImmunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is one of the deadliest pandemics the world has ever known. Unprecedented efforts and resources have been mobilized to fight the infection worldwide. While obvious progress has been made, HIV infection still hit hard and the field of public health continues actively to raise awareness about this issue and help affected people. Public health professionals constantly look for new ways t o reach high-risk populations, but sometimes theRead MoreArticle 567 Of The 2009 Burundian Penal Code1450 Words   |  6 Pagesnew law has amplified the challenges of preventing HIV/AIDS within this community, which in turn negatively affects the overall efforts for global eradication of HIV. Reports of AIDS in Burundi first surfaced in 1983. 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In this paper, the public health policies of South AfricaRead MoreA Research Study On Palliative Care1 663 Words   |  7 PagesPreviously, HIV was considered a disease associated with young persons. However, in present day, it is recognized as the disease that affects people of all ages. Individual aged 50 and older has many of the same HIV risk factors as a younger individual. There is an increase in the number of patients aged 50 and over who are living with HIV. This increase in the population is due to the increase in life expectancy of people with HIV and new cases in older people. To manage this increasing population a holisticRead MoreAids Prevention And Testing Of Hiv / Aids1205 Words   |  5 PagesLaMaack Mrs. Reaves Advanced Writing 8 October, 2015 AIDS Prevention and Testing â€Å"More than 1.2 million americans are living with HIV, including 156,300 who don’t realize it† (Kaplan). The HIV/AIDS epidemic hit a peak in the 2000’s. These diseases attack the immune system making them incapable of fighting off diseases. Specifically, HIV,human immunodeficiency virus, attacks the immune system, weakening it, and slowly making it produce more HIV-cells. AIDS,acquired immune deficiency syndrome, then takesRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Hiv / Aids1532 Words   |  7 Pageswith human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) are living longer lives and changing the perception of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. There has been extensive research conducted on high risk groups for HIV/AIDS but little has been done to research and address the social aspect of aging and HIV/AIDS. It is important to have a more conclusive understanding of HIV/AIDS in the aging population due to the climbing rate of new infection among older American adults aged 50Read MoreHiv / Aids : Hiv And Aids1484 Words   |  6 Pagescurrently facing is HIV/AIDS. The disease has been plaguing South Africa as well as other countries throughout the continent. The initialism HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. This disease attacks and destroys the infection-fighting CD4 cells of the immune system. Loss of these cells makes it difficult for the body to fight infections. Without treatment, HIV can gradually destroy the immune system and advance to AIDS. Human immunodeficiency virus is a multistage disease and AIDS is the most advancedRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Botswana, South Africa Essay1282 Words   |  6 PagesInstead of proposing policies directed towards reducing the amount of HIV/AIDS cases that continue to rise each year, they have chosen to implement failed policies or none at all. Countries that have attempted to enact government policy to try to decrease the spread of the epidemic has ultimately failed in a broad sen se. The epidemic is known as the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the virus Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) (†¦). For this research paper, the countries of Botswana, South

Red Dress and Snow White Comparative Essay - 1820 Words

Comparative Essay Fitting in is always an issue in the world of teenage girls and some girls have better outcomes than others. â€Å"Snow White† by Grace Hu is a story about a teenage girl named Mary who is an albino. Mary struggles to be accepted because of her scary white exterior. Also she has low self confidence from being teased by her peers. Mary also only has one true friend that begins to drift apart from her. Another story that deals with the issue of acceptance is the story â€Å"Red Dress†. â€Å"Red Dress† by Alice Munro is a story about a teenage girl entering her first year of high school. She fights to be accepted and decides to go to the school dance with her one friend Lonnie, despite her terrible clothes put together by her crazy†¦show more content†¦This shows that if her own mother does not accept her the way she looks then how can other people be expected to accept her. This also must have hurt her and lowered her self confidence extremely. Hearing he r own mother saying such things about her, she can only wonder what other people say about her behind her back. Another example of Mary’s acceptance being affected by her family influences is when she speaks of her mother treating her condition by saying â€Å"I guess it hasn’t helped that my mother has always been overprotective in a way, practically passing out flyers on the subject matter to mothers and curious children on the playground†. This shows that instead of mother not mentioning her condition to any body and treating her like a normal child, she talks about her daughter’s condition openly like she is some sort of freak. If her mother did not talk about her condition and just talked about her characteristics or other things then people would just probably look past her condition more easily and accept her as she is. Instead when her mother talks about her condition it puts the idea in peoples heads that Mary is different from other children and treat her differently. In â€Å"Red Dress† the protagonists’ family influences also affect her being accepted. The protagonists’ in â€Å"Red Dress† familyShow MoreRelatedComparative Study of Pakistan Chinese Cultures13385 Words   |  54 Pages2013 Comparative study of Pakistan and Chinese Cultures Muhammad Rashid (ID:2012420078) This report has compared the two cultures namely the Chinese and Pakistani culture by considering different parameters. The material and non-material aspects of culture are expressed and comparative study of two cultures is performed. Both the cultures have strong roots with the shades of thousands of years of civilizations. The ideology, ethics and living styles are compared with some examples and details. TheRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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HR Manager Profile For Critical Vision

Question: Discuss about theHR Manager Profile For Critical Vision. Answer: Organizational Analysis Vision Critical provides technology based software to its clients for storing the data of clients and interact with them to resolve their query. The software helps companies to understand consumers needs and requirement. The software replaces the huge amount of data with some real facts which are helpful for the clients (Vision Critical 2017). Vision Criticals solutions are used by highly competitive organizations. Job Analysis of HR Manager Position The HR Manager would have to take care of all the activities of recruitment, induction training, compensation benefits and employee engagement. The HR would also be liable to ensure that all the company policies, processes, programs and procedures are being followed by the employees. The HR Manager would also act as an intermediate between the Vice Presidents of Facility and Operations Managers. The manager would also have to take care of all the management activities which are related to Human Resource. Job Specification Profile The candidate must have completed his Bachelors from an accredited university of the country. The candidate must possess at least 6-8 years of experience in the relevant field where the candidate must have worked as manager for at least 3 years. The candidate must have excellent organizing skills and problem solving ability. He/she must be able to prioritize the work in an independent environment (Kahnweiler and Kahnweiler 2012, 28). The candidate must abide by company policies such as maintaining confidentiality. The candidate must have excellent communication, persuasive, mentoring and coaching skills. Good leadership skills and the ability to manage individuals from diverse background (Kahnweiler and Kahnweiler 2012, 28). Analytical skills and critical thinking skills Excellent knowledge of information technology to understand the client requirements and train the staff. Time management and stress management. The candidate must have good writing skills along with excellent verbal ability. Ability to solve complex issues by applying analytical skills (Kahnweiler and Kahnweiler 2012, 28). Good interpersonal skills to maintain the relationship with the employees. Job Description The role of the manager is to look after acquisition management, recruitment and selection, compensation benefits, induction training and employee grievance and engagement to meet the goals and objectives of the company. To ensure that the employees abide by the company policies, processes procedures and programs to maintain the discipline within the company (HR Council 2009). To monitor the HR metrics such as employee attrition, engagement, grievance, engagement, vacancy time and rate. To settle down the issues of the employees through effective counseling and guidance to avoid any future conflict. To assess the risk involved in HR activities and take actions to prevent it in the beginning (Kahnweiler and Kahnweiler 2012, 28). Manage the documentation work, records, files and personnel documents of the employees. Identifying the need of training programs for employees and then hiring suitable training company who could train the employees as per the latest industry requirements. Monitor and evaluate existing HR policies and processes to improve them. Coach and mentor the employees through supervision and constant guidance. Resolve the queries of the employees to satisfy them. Vendor management and liaison with other vendors. To perform other HR duties and responsibilities to achieve the goals and objectives of the company. Competencies For Candidate The candidate must the following competencies: Global thinking: The HR must be open to every possibility. He should also be culturally aware in order to manage diversity at workplace. The manager must not discriminate among the staff people and should be able to identify the potential talent in them (Woodard 2014). Ability to foresee future: Manager must be competitive enough to stay ahead of current trends. The manager needs to consistently review his job role so as to identify the future opportunities and threats. For example, manager must be able to foresee the changing technology and how can the organization adapt itself for the latest technology through extensive training program for employees (Society for Human Resource Management 2008, 33). Flexibility: HR Manager must ensure transparency and fairness at workplace through his consistent behavior, but he is also supposed to demonstrate adaptability during critical situations in order to handle them effectively (Woodard 2014). Ability to asses and manage risk: HR Manager must be able to identify the potential risk in order to avoid threats. In order to identify risk, manager must be able to understand the risk. Further, he must develop a plan to mitigate the impact of risk on organization (Woodard 2014). Confident and courageous: The manager must be able to stand by his own decision to reflect his firmness and stability. Learn and grow: Manager must be a continuous learner (Woodard 2014). Factors of Excellent Performance To ensure excellent performance, organization must establish standard expectations from the employees, which needs to be taken care by HR Manager. The employees outperforming others must be given reward and recognition for their hard work and efforts (Info Entrepreneur 2017). On the other hand, an organization cannot ignore its low and average performers and must give them enough of time to increase their competency level and move them into high performance zone. Almost 80 percent of the employees belong to the average category and if an organization is even somehow able to move just 20 percent of these employees towards high performance zone then the results would be astonishing (Sharir 2013). Applying 30-60-10 Formula The formula is used to improve the overall productivity of the organization by improving the competencies of employees. As per the principle states, an organization must give 30 percent of its time to the high performers, 60 percent of time to average performer and remaining 10 percent of the time to low performers (Sharir 2013). The principle helps to instill enthusiasm within the employees by demonstrating fair practices at workplace. The organization would also be able to recruit talented people and as a result organization would move toward success. Measuring Performance In order to ensure good performance measurement process, an organization must adopt relevant, clear and concrete measures which can be easily understood by everybody. It is the duty of HR Manager to manage the performance measures which are based on relevant and authentic data. The collection of data must be an integral part of the standard process. The measures must have the ability to drive improvement for the growth of organization (Department of Trade and Industry 2017). Lastly, the measures must be in alignment with the goals and objectives of the organization. Following four steps are involved to outline the performance measurement: Define goals Define metrics Understand performance Start improvement SMART objective tool is used to define the goals. In order to define metrics one must think about the measurable factors which could affect the outcome. Effectiveness, efficiency and productivity are the three significant metrics to be considered by the organization. Effectiveness would reflect whether the expected results are being attained or not by following the right method of approach. The metric would include quality of service. Efficiency depends on the ratio of resource planned for usage and the actual resource used (Department of Trade and Industry 2017). One must then create reporting process through data collection and assembling the other necessary resources through the steps as follows (Department of Trade and Industry 2017): Create a system to gather the data for reporting. Define clear and concrete goals. Decide a method required for setting up the performance standards. Make a list of resources. Design format of data and categorize for summing up and consolidation. Look for the available sources to set standards. Make calendar for reporting. Design clear job roles. Identify the requirement for training. Improvement is then observed by comparing the current the target performance. References Department of Trade and Industry. 2017. Performance Measurement. Accessed February 2017. https://www.businessballs.com/dtiresources/performance_measurement_management.pdf. HR Council. 2009. HR Management Standards. Accessed February 2017. https://hrcouncil.ca/resource-centre/hr-standards/documents/HRC-HR_Standards_Web.pdf. Info Entrepreneur. 2017. Measure Performance And Set Targets. Accessed February 2017. https://www.infoentrepreneurs.org/en/guides/measure-performance-and-set-targets/ Kahnweiler, William and Kahnweiler, Jennifer. 2012. Shaping Your HR Role, 13-41. Routledge. Sharir, Eitan. 2013. The Expectation of Excellence: Creating a High-Performance Culture. HR Voice. Accessed February 2017. https://www.hrvoice.org/the-expectation-of-excellence-creating-a-high-performance-culture/. Society for Human Resource Management, 2008. HR Competencies:Mastery at the Intersection of People and Business, 33-75. US: Society for Human Resource Management. Vision Critical. 2017. About Us. Accessed February 2017. https://www.visioncritical.com/about-us/ Woodard, Nina. 2014. 6 key competencies every HR professional should possess. HR News, January 7. Accessed February 2017. https://hr.blr.com/HR-news/HR-Administration/HR-Strategy/6-key-competencies-every-HR-professional-should-po/